...function of the brain & nervous system...
...& malformations in brain, intestines, & genital...
...the Body and Brain Structure of the...
...Structure of the Brain and Nervous System...
...Nervous System The brain & nervous system...
...the body, the brain is one of...
...to form. The brain and the spinal...
...communicate Forming the Brain and Nervous System...
...device in the brain. Language Acquisition Device...
...Device (LAD) - brain process specific for...

...system (CNS) = brain and spinal cord...
...Tracts: Nerves in brain or spinal cord...
...Extend out from brain and spine at...
...Perception How the brain interprets proprioceptive input...
...input Influences how brain coordinates motor responses...

...bodies within the brain Brain – an...
...within the brain Brain – an integrating...
...bone CNS – brain and spinal cord...
...and White Matter Brain and spinal cord...
...tissue that surround brain and spinal cord...
...as shock absorber Blood-brain barrier Tight junctions...
...Tight junctions in brain capillaries limit passage...
...CSF The Vertebrate Brain Extension of the...
...tracts extend between brain and spinal cord...
...at back of brain Responsible for motor...
...neurons in the brain Medulla oblongata –...
...spinal cord and brain Primary center for...
...Limbic System “emotional brain” Network of connected...
...rest of the brain Influences emotions, motivation,...
...cognition and higher brain functions More folded...
...Size of the brain region devoted to...
...centers of the brain Somatic Motor Pathways...
...and coordinated by brain Learning and Memory...

...and Acting The brain’s processing of sensory...
...animal activity. Sensing, brain analysis, and action...
...neurons reach the brain, circuits of neurons...
...formed in the brain and do not...
...receptors to the brain. Action potentials from...
...neurons in the brain or spinal cord....
...a result, the brain distinguishes sensory stimuli...
...arrive in the brain. The transduction of...
...to the human brain has about 100,000...
...cells in the brain, allowing the whiskers...
...in the mammalian brain are general receptors...
...transmitted to the brain. Some moths can...
...impulses that the brain perceives as sound....
...directed to the brain along the auditory...
...information to the brain about two important...
...leading to the brain. The actual perception...
...neurons, signaling the brain that your head...
...neurons to the brain. This process provides...
...potentials to the brain representing only one...
...bulb of the brain. The receptive ends...
...bulb of the brain. Taste and smell...
...the receptors and brain pathways for the...
...side. The planarian brain compares the rate...
...based on the brain’s analysis of the...
...potentials to the brain via axons in...
...sent to the brain. The patterns of...
...processing in the brain. All the rods...
...eyes to the brain meet at the...
...side of the brain, and sensations from...
...side of the brain. Most ganglion cell...
...spinal cord and brain stem degenerate, and...

...System The human brain contains an estimated...
...that interconnect these brain cells are enormously...
...(fMRI) can record brain activity from outside...
...person’s skull. The brain is scanned with...
...of the subject’s brain while the subject...
...regions of the brain. The ability to...
...planarian, a small brain and longitudinal nerve...
...In vertebrates, the brain and the spinal...
...both systems. The brain and spinal cord...
...coordinated activities. The brain integrates the complex...
...and from the brain and generates basic...
...spinal cord. The brain and spinal cord...
...ventricles of the brain. The central canal...
...formed in the brain by filtration of...
...hormones to the brain and clearing wastes....
...fluid cushions the brain and spinal cord...
...fluid-filled spaces, the brain and the spinal...
...matter in the brain is on the...
...throughout the vertebrate brain and spinal cord....
...result is the blood-brain barrier, which restricts...
...environment of the brain and spinal cord....
...originate in the brain and terminate mostly...
...controlled by the brain stem or by...
...49.2 The vertebrate brain is regionally specialized....
...have formed five brain regions. Three of...
...rise to the brain stem, a set...
...part of the brain. The hindbrain also...
...to another major brain center, the cerebellum....
...in the human brain occur in the...
...rest of the brain. Major centers that...
...and epithalamus. The brain stem functions in...
...and from higher brain centers. The adult...
...centers. The adult brain stem consists of...
...side of the brain controls much of...
...Signals from the brain stem affect attention,...
...Axons from the brain stem reach many...
...and acetylcholine. The brain stem and cerebrum...
...Centers in the brain stem control arousal...
...core of the brain stem, acts as...
...cerebral cortex. The brain often ignores certain...
...least for the brain. EEG recordings show...
...the frequency of brain waves changes as...
...changes as the brain progresses through the...
...Regions of the brain activated during a...
...with only one brain hemisphere at a...
...into three adult brain regions: the thalamus,...
...parts of the brain that regulate emotion...
...the most important brain regions for the...
...in behaviors and brain activity. In 1990,...
...Michael Menaker transplanted brain tissue between normal...
...Damage in this brain region during fetal...
...80% of total brain mass and is...
...areas of the brain can take on...
...seizures, in the brain. Infants with severe...
...use of new brain circuits, leading in...
...tangential to the brain surface. Such a...
...portion of the brain. Whereas the human...
...complex and flexible brain function. Concept 49.3...
...parts of the brain. The increased size...
...areas within the brain lobes. Different types...
...axons to the brain stem and spinal...
...localized in the brain. Damage to particular...
...later, studies of brain activity using fMRI...
...larger network of brain regions involved in...
...speaking out loud, brain activity was localized...
...severed exhibit a “split-brain” effect. When they...
...regions of the brain. The limbic system,...
...structures surrounding the brain stem in mammals....
...Parts of the brain outside the limbic...
...controlled by the brain stem, including aggression,...
...again. People with brain damage confined to...
...property of the brain. Over the past...
...studied consciousness using brain-imaging techniques such as...
...in the human brain during different states...
...property of the brain, one that recruits...
...sweeps across the brain, integrating widespread activity...
...differently in the brain. Some information is...
...those responsible for brain growth and development,...
...changes in the brain. Major research efforts...
...of normally integrated brain functions. Two lines...
...amines in the brain. Depressive disorders are...
...associated with the brain reward system. Drug...
...activity of the brain’s reward system, neural...
...learned how the brain's reward system works...
...base of the brain called the ventral...
...areas of the brain, including the hippocampus...
...massive shrinkage of brain tissue. Many symptoms...
...neurofibrillary tangles—in remaining brain tissue confirms a...
...an age-related, progressive brain illness. The incidence...
...be managed by brain surgery, deep-brain stimulation,...
...by brain surgery, deep-brain stimulation, and drugs...
...can cross the blood-brain barrier and be...
...damaged or diseased brain tissue. Unlike the...
...neurons in the brain can make new...
...stroke victims. Most brain and spinal cord...
...the adult human brain can produce new...
...cells in the brain that had recently...
...hippocampus of each brain. The discovery of...
...in the adult brain indicated the presence...
...cells. In the brain, the stem cells...

...organized into a brain or into simpler...
...centers in the brain or in ganglia,...
...neurons in the brain are interneurons, which...
...which includes a brain and a nerve...
...in the mammalian brain 10- to 50-fold....
...ear to the brain. The characteristic shape...
...in the vertebrate brain. The vast majority...
...diseases or affect brain function are targeted...
...released in the brain, affect sleep, mood,...
...by binding to brain receptors for serotonin...
...dopamine in the brain. Depression may be...
...that increase the brain concentrations of biogenic...
...synapses in the brain, where it produces...
...neurotransmitter in the brain, is always excitatory....
...outside of the brain. Several neuropeptides, relatively...
...drugs in the brain to demonstrate the...
...present in the brain that could also...
...produced in the brain during times of...
...neurons in the brain and PNS. In...
...PNS. In the brain, CO regulates the...

...nervous system: the brain and spinal cord....
...of the chordate brain. Rather than a...
...than a full-fledged brain, lancelets have only...
...cord. The vertebrate brain apparently is an...
...a head—with a brain at the anterior...
...small but well-formed brain, eyes, and muscular...
...have a small brain, eyes, ears, and...
...areas of the brain. The large brains...
...have a large brain and bipedal locomotion....
...a much larger brain than apes and...
...teeth. However, the brain of A. africanus...
...a modern human’s brain. In 1974, a...
...afarensis had a brain the size of...
...jaw and larger brain (about 600–750 cm3)...
...had a larger brain than H. habilis...
...a much smaller brain volume than H....
...a deformed, miniature brain, a condition called...
...area in the brain. In 2002, geneticists...

...pass though the blood-brain barrier. CNS is...
...p450 Note The blood-brain barrier is not...

...at the CNS (Brain and Spinal Cord)...
...drug on the brain far less direct...
...action in the brain can be complex...
...recordings from mouse brain neurons in culture...
...damaging to the brain Enhanced glutamate-receptor activity...
...can result in brain damage In other...
...toxic to the brain The mechanism of...
...damage in the brain by glutamate Depolarization...
...long-term changes in brain (associated with learning)...
...changes in the brain is detected after...

...function of the brain Neurons (carry and...
...contingent on normal brain function ( disruption...
...condition that inhibits brain development before birth,...
...measles can damage brain, as can head...
...subsequent changes to brain structure Common etiologies...
...conditions IQ tests Brain imaging Genetic testing...
...protein inside damaged brain cells, neurons Protein...
...cortical area of brain, eventually ventricles enlarge...
...AD arises when brain cannot properly process...
...stroke, cardiovascular disease, brain injury, brain infection...
...disease, brain injury, brain infection Changes in...
...cause Removal of brain tumor or insertion...
...and etiology Abnormal brain development in people...
...neurons in the brain Neurons in cerebral...
...function Abnormalities in brain structure Some parts...
...parts of the brain appear enlarged others...
...open directly to brain Acupuncture Nursing process...